Audio Engineer Career Path Guide

An audio engineer is a skilled professional responsible for capturing, recording, manipulating, mixing, and reproducing sound for various applications such as music production, film, television, radio, gaming, and live events. Their expertise bridges the technical and creative realms, ensuring audio content is clear, compelling, and tailored to meet artistic and commercial goals.

growth rate

$65,000

median salary

remote-friendly

📈 Market Demand

Low

High

The demand for Audio Engineers is steady due to continuous growth in media production, podcasting, and gaming industries, though it remains a specialized field with moderate overall market need.

🇺🇸 Annual Salary (US, USD)

40,000—90,000

Median: $65,000

Entry-Level: $47,500
Mid-Level: $65,000
Senior-Level: $82,500

Top 10% of earners in this field can expect salaries starting from $90,000+ per year, especially with specialized skills in high-demand areas.

Core Functions of the Audio Engineer Role

Audio engineers play a pivotal role in the entire lifecycle of sound production. Starting with capturing sound through microphones or digital inputs, they skillfully handle recording equipment and software to ensure pristine raw audio files. Their work involves fine-tuning acoustics in studios or on location to capture the best quality sounds. Once the audio is recorded, they utilize various mixing consoles, digital audio workstations (DAWs), and plugins to balance elements like volume, equalization, reverb, and effects, shaping the sonic landscape to fit the creative vision.

Collaborating closely with artists, producers, directors, and other technical staff, audio engineers contribute both technically and creatively. They must understand the nuances of sound perception and how audio components affect storytelling and user experience. Whether it’s a chart-topping album, a Hollywood blockbuster, or a live concert, their expertise ensures every detail of audio delivery is flawless.

Audio engineers work across diverse industries ranging from music studios and film production houses to radio stations, video game studios, and live event venues. The role demands continual learning as technology and audio trends evolve rapidly, making adaptability and technical curiosity critical. Furthermore, with the growth of remote production, audio engineers are increasingly leveraging cloud-based platforms and networked audio systems to collaborate globally.

Sound quality can make or break any audio-visual experience, and audio engineers are at the heart of this process. Their combined technical proficiency, artistic sensibility, and problem-solving skills enable creative projects to come alive through sound. This multi-disciplinary expertise opens doors to varied roles including recording engineer, mixing engineer, mastering engineer, live sound technician, post-production audio specialist, and more.

Key Responsibilities
Setting up and operating audio recording equipment, including microphones, mixing consoles, amplifiers, and software.
Capturing high-quality audio during recording sessions for music, dialogue, sound effects, and live performances.
Editing and mixing multi-track recordings to balance audio levels, EQ, dynamics, and effects.
Mastering final mixes to optimize audio for various playback environments and media formats.
Collaborating closely with producers, artists, directors, and other creative professionals to realize artistic visions.
Managing sound reinforcement systems and monitoring for live events and concerts.
Troubleshooting technical issues with hardware or software to maintain smooth production workflows.
Calibrating and maintaining studio acoustics and equipment for optimal performance.
Synchronizing audio with video in post-production for film, television, and digital media.
Applying advanced audio processing techniques such as noise reduction, pitch correction, and spatial audio design.
Documenting session notes and maintaining organized project files and backups.
Adhering to health and safety standards in studio and live environments.
Training or mentoring junior engineers or interns when required.
Keeping up to date with the latest audio technology trends, software updates, and industry best practices.
Managing budgets and schedules for audio projects, especially in freelance or contract roles.

Work Setting

Audio engineers typically work in acoustically treated studios, post-production suites, broadcast booths, or live venues like concert halls and theaters. Studio environments offer controlled settings with precision audio gear and sound isolation. Live sound settings are often more dynamic and demanding, requiring quick problem-solving amid noise and distractions. Modern audio engineers also increasingly work remotely using sophisticated software setups or hybrid cloud systems. The nature of the work can involve long hours standing or sitting for extended periods, intense focus on sound detail, and collaboration across teams spanning creative and technical disciplines. Depending on the industry segment, the work environment might range from highly formal corporate settings in broadcast media to more casual, creative studio atmospheres in independent music production.

Tech Stack

Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs) – Pro Tools, Logic Pro, Ableton Live, Cubase
Mixing Consoles – SSL, Neve, Yamaha, Behringer
Microphones – condenser, dynamic, ribbon (e.g., Shure SM7B, Neumann U87)
Audio Interfaces and Preamplifiers
Audio Plugins and Software Effects – EQs, compressors, reverbs (Waves, FabFilter, iZotope)
MIDI Controllers and Synthesizers
Studio Monitors and Headphones – Genelec, KRK, Sennheiser
Digital Signal Processors (DSP)
Multitrack Recorders
Audio Patch Bays and Routing Systems
Noise Reduction Software – Cedar DNS, RX by iZotope
Sound Field and Ambisonics Tools
Live Sound Reinforcement Equipment – amplifiers, PA systems, line arrays
Synchronization Tools – SMPTE timecode generators, video reference devices
Cloud Collaboration Platforms – Avid Cloud Collaboration, Splice
Acoustic Treatment Materials and Measurement Tools
Audio Metering and Analysis Software
Wireless Microphone Systems
Audio Networking Protocols – Dante, AES67

Skills and Qualifications

Education Level

While a formal degree is not always mandatory, most audio engineers benefit significantly from completing post-secondary education in audio engineering, music production, or sound technology. Associate and bachelor's degree programs in audio engineering or sound design provide foundational knowledge on acoustics, electronics, signal processing, and studio workflows. Coursework often combines theory with hands-on training in recording techniques, mixing, and mastering.

Technical certifications, such as from Avid (Pro Tools Certification), or certification programs in music production software and live sound operation, can further enhance employability. Many audio engineers also learn through apprenticeships, internships, or self-directed study, especially as practical experience is highly valued in the industry.

Given the rapid evolution of digital audio technologies, ongoing professional development through workshops, online tutorials, and masterclasses is essential. Additionally, understanding musical theory and having an ear for sound quality often improves a candidate’s prospects. Employers look for candidates who combine technical proficiency with creativity, problem-solving abilities, and effective communication skills.

Tech Skills

Proficient operation of Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs)
Microphone selection and placement techniques
Multi-track recording and signal routing
Audio editing and restoration techniques
Mixing and mastering skills
Knowledge of acoustics and studio design
Live sound system setup and troubleshooting
Use of audio hardware such as preamps, compressors, and equalizers
Digital signal processing (DSP) knowledge
Synchronization of audio and video
Signal flow understanding
Sound synthesis and MIDI programming
Implementation of noise reduction and audio restoration tools
Familiarity with surround sound and spatial audio formats
Basic electronics and audio equipment maintenance

Soft Abilities

Active listening and critical auditory skills
Creative problem-solving
Attention to detail
Communication and teamwork
Time management and organization
Adaptability to evolving technology
Patience and perseverance
Client and artist collaboration
Stress management under deadlines
Teaching and mentoring abilities

Path to Audio Engineer

Embarking on a career as an audio engineer begins with developing a solid foundation in both music and audio technology. Many aspiring engineers start by enrolling in specialized audio engineering or music production programs offered by technical schools, colleges, or universities. These programs blend theoretical concepts with hands-on learning in professional studios, allowing students to gain practical experience with microphones, mixers, and DAWs.

Internships or apprenticeships are invaluable steps early in one’s career. Working under experienced engineers provides real-world exposure while building a network of industry contacts. Entry-level roles often involve assisting senior engineers, managing session logistics, and gradually progressing into hands-on tasks like recording and mixing.

Building a personal portfolio of recorded and mixed projects is critical. Beginners often collaborate with local musicians, videographers, or podcast creators to showcase versatility and technical abilities. This demonstrable body of work becomes a key asset when applying for jobs or freelance contracts.

Continuous self-education remains essential due to fast-paced technological changes. Learning new software updates, plugin usage, and emerging audio formats through online tutorials and workshops keeps skills current. Networking through industry associations and attending trade shows facilitates exposure to new tools and trends.

After gaining a foothold in the entry-level positions, audio engineers can specialize in niches such as live sound, post-production, or mastering, or broaden their scope to leadership roles like studio manager or sound director. Advanced certifications like Avid’s Pro Tools Expert or Dolby Atmos mixing can elevate an engineer’s status in competitive markets.

Success in this field is as much about fostering strong client relationships and creative collaboration as it is about technical skill. Building a reputation for reliability, excellent sound quality, and responsiveness can lead to sustained career growth and global opportunities.

Required Education

Formal education in audio engineering typically starts at the associate or bachelor’s degree level. Academic programs cover topics including the physics of sound, electronics, music theory, digital audio signal processing, studio equipment operation, and audio production techniques. Students also engage in building recording sessions, mixing, mastering, and live sound setups within professional or simulated studio environments.

Universities with renowned music technology programs offer advanced courses involving complex software, 3D audio formats, and surround sound mixing. Programs emphasize both the scientific and artistic facets of audio engineering, nurturing technical competence and creative excellence.

Parallel to formal schooling are numerous certification courses recognized within the industry. The Avid Pro Tools Certification is one of the most important qualifications as Pro Tools is an industry-standard DAW. Other certifications include live sound technician certificates, such as those from InfoComm or the Audio Engineering Society (AES) workshops.

Vocational training and short courses offer routes to learn specific skills like sound design for games, restoration for archival audio, or mastering using cutting-edge plugins. Hands-on workshops focusing on analog and digital console operation, microphone techniques, and mixing workflows provide concentrated skills refinement.

Internships, cooperative education placements, and entry-level assistant engineer roles are crucial to gaining applied knowledge and networking. Many educational institutions foster partnerships with recording studios, broadcast companies, and production houses to facilitate internships.

Given the rapid innovation in audio technology, ongoing professional development is necessary. Online education platforms offer courses on emerging trends such as immersive audio, spatial sound design, and cloud-based collaboration. Attending industry conferences and AES conventions helps professionals stay at the forefront of advancements and best practices.

Ultimately, an effective education pathway blends theory, applied practice, industry certifications, and real-world experience to produce engineers ready to thrive in diverse audio environments.

Career Path Tiers

Junior Audio Engineer

Experience: 0-2 years

Junior Audio Engineers focus primarily on assisting senior engineers and learning foundational recording, editing, and mixing techniques. They typically handle session setup, microphone placement, patching equipment, and basic editing under supervision. This stage is characterized by absorbing workflow knowledge, mastering basic DAW operations, and familiarizing with studio culture. Juniors develop careful attention to technical details and start to build a portfolio by working on smaller projects such as podcast recordings, demo tracks, or entry-level post-production tasks.

Mid-level Audio Engineer

Experience: 3-6 years

At the mid-level, audio engineers carry more responsibility for projects from inception to completion. They operate recording sessions independently, manage complex mixes, and begin mastering tasks. These engineers collaborate regularly with artists and directors to interpret creative goals, troubleshoot technical issues, and optimize sound quality across formats. Their skill set includes proficiency in advanced plugins, signal flow management, and live sound operations. They may mentor junior engineers and assist in equipment calibration and studio maintenance.

Senior Audio Engineer

Experience: 7-12 years

Senior Audio Engineers serve as technical and creative leaders within studios or production houses. They oversee multiple projects simultaneously, ensuring consistency, innovation, and quality. Expertise includes mastering, surround sound mixing, spatial audio design, and custom audio solutions for specialized media like VR or gaming. Seniors often liaise with clients, manage budgets, and guide teams. Their decisions impact overall sound aesthetics and technical standards. Continuous mentorship of other engineers and proactive adoption of new technologies define this level.

Lead Audio Engineer / Sound Director

Experience: 12+ years

Lead Audio Engineers or Sound Directors take strategic roles overseeing entire audio departments or production pipelines. They are entrusted with high-level decisions including workflow optimization, technology procurement, team leadership, and project direction. Often serving as the final authority on sound quality, they work across disciplines integrating audio with broader multimedia objectives. This role requires deep technical mastery, creative vision, and excellent interpersonal skills to manage client expectations and foster innovation.

Global Outlook

The demand for skilled audio engineers transcends borders, fueled by expanding industries such as digital content creation, music streaming, gaming, film production, and live events worldwide. North America remains a leading market with hubs such as Los Angeles, Nashville, New York City, and Toronto hosting numerous recording studios, post-production facilities, and live venues. These centers offer abundant opportunities but also intense competition.

Europe’s major cities like London, Berlin, and Paris are recognized for their vibrant cultural sectors and advanced media production ecosystems, providing a broad spectrum of audio engineering roles in music, film, and broadcast media. London is particularly notable for an active music recording scene and large media houses.

Asia’s growing entertainment markets, especially in South Korea, Japan, India, and China, are driving demand for audio engineers adept in both traditional and emerging formats like K-pop production, Bollywood soundtracks, and gaming audio. Rapid digital transformation and rising consumer media consumption fuel job growth in these regions.

Australia and New Zealand also present expanding audio engineering opportunities aligned with vibrant independent music industries and film production services.

Language skills, cultural awareness, and adaptability often enhance career prospects in global markets. Remote collaboration technologies are increasingly bridging geographic constraints, allowing audio engineers to work internationally more fluidly than ever before.

Nevertheless, market dynamics and legal frameworks, such as union regulations and work permits, vary significantly between countries, so international candidates must navigate these factors carefully. Growth in immersive audio, spatial sound, and virtual reality applications offers new frontiers for engineers willing to specialize.

Networking through international industry organizations, festivals, and conferences can open global career pathways. Audio engineers who combine technical excellence with cultural competence and versatility stand to thrive in the worldwide marketplace.

Job Market Today

Role Challenges

Audio engineers face a highly competitive landscape where technological advances continually reshape workflows and skill requirements. Pressure to deliver high-quality audio in compressed timelines often leads to demanding work schedules and elevated stress, especially in freelance or live sound environments. The proliferation of DIY home studios and accessible software tools has somewhat commoditized entry-level audio services, challenging engineers to differentiate through quality and specialization. Staying current with rapidly evolving software, plugin updates, and expanding formats such as immersive audio or binaural sound requires continuous learning. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated remote work adoption but also introduced logistical challenges in collaborative productions. Economic fluctuations in media industries sometimes restrict budgets, affecting job availability and compensation for experienced engineers.

Growth Paths

The digital transformation of media platforms and rising global consumption of audio content offer expanding opportunities for audio engineers. Streaming services, podcasts, audiobooks, video games, and virtual/augmented reality projects drive demand for sophisticated sound design and immersive mixing skills. Specialized niches such as spatial audio engineering and sound for VR/AR are emerging fields with fewer experts, providing lucrative career paths. Integration of AI and machine learning in audio processing opens new toolsets that savvy engineers can leverage to enhance creativity and efficiency. Growth in live event production post-pandemic signals a rebound in demand for live sound professionals. Freelancing platforms and remote collaboration technology enable engineers to access broader client bases worldwide. Educational content creation and online audio training also present adjunct revenue sources.

Industry Trends

Spatial audio and immersive sound technologies are revolutionizing how audiences experience media, with Dolby Atmos, Ambisonics, and 3D audio becoming industry standards. Remote recording and mixing workflows accelerated by technological advancements enable global collaboration across continents. Artificial intelligence increasingly supports routine audio tasks such as noise reduction, automatic mixing, and mastering, augmenting engineer productivity. Integration of cloud-based DAWs and plugin suites allows real-time project sharing and remote client involvement. Sustainability concerns are pushing studios to adopt greener practices, eco-friendly materials, and energy-efficient equipment. Growing emphasis on accessibility means engineers need to be skilled in optimizing audio for listeners with disabilities. Finally, hybrid analog-digital workflows maintain popularity, combining warm vintage tones with modern precision.

A Day in the Life

Morning (9:00 AM - 12:00 PM)

Focus: Session Preparation & Setup

Calibrating audio equipment and loudspeaker monitors.
Setting up microphones and interfaces for scheduled recordings.
Conducting sound checks and verifying signal flow.
Reviewing project notes and technical requirements.
Coordinating with artists, producers, or clients regarding the session plan.

Afternoon (12:00 PM - 5:00 PM)

Focus: Recording, Editing & Mixing

Capturing performances including vocals, instruments, or sound effects.
Editing audio tracks to remove noise, timing errors, or unwanted sounds.
Applying mixing techniques like EQ, compression, reverb, and panning.
Collaborating with creative personnel to fine-tune audio elements.
Documenting changes and saving session backups.

Evening (5:00 PM - 8:00 PM)

Focus: Post-Production and Review

Mastering final mixes for different formats (streaming, CD, broadcast).
Testing mixes on various playback systems for consistency.
Addressing feedback from clients or directors.
Updating project archives and preparing deliverables.
Planning setups and requirements for the next day.

Work-Life Balance & Stress

Stress Level: Moderate to High

Balance Rating: Challenging

Audio engineering careers can be demanding due to fluctuating workloads, irregular hours, and high-pressure deadlines, especially during recording sessions or live events. Freelancers often juggle multiple projects, increasing time management challenges. However, structured studio environments with well-planned schedules can offer a more balanced routine. The evolution of remote work has enabled some flexibility but requires discipline to avoid burnout. Proactive communication and realistic project planning help maintain healthier work-life boundaries.

Skill Map

This map outlines the core competencies and areas for growth in this profession, showing how foundational skills lead to specialized expertise.

Foundational Skills

The absolute essentials every audio engineer must master to perform competent recording, editing, and basic mixing.

Signal flow and audio routing
Microphone techniques and placement
Operating Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs)
Basic mixing and EQ application
Recording session setup and management

Advanced Audio Techniques

Specialized skills that enable engineers to craft professional-grade productions, mixing, and immersive sound.

Mastering and loudness normalization
Audio restoration and noise reduction
Spatial audio and 3D sound mixing
Live sound reinforcement and system tuning
Film and television post-production audio

Professional & Soft Skills

The essential interpersonal and professional tools required to succeed in diverse working environments.

Client communication and collaboration
Time management and project planning
Critical listening and problem-solving
Adaptability to evolving technologies
Teamwork in multi-disciplinary settings

Pros & Cons for Audio Engineer

✅ Pros

Creative fulfillment by shaping artistic audio experiences.
Diverse job roles across music, TV, film, games, and events.
Continuous learning opportunities with rapidly evolving technology.
High demand in specialized areas like immersive audio.
Ability to work in collaborative, dynamic environments.
Potential for freelance flexibility and global remote work.

❌ Cons

Irregular and long working hours, especially during projects or events.
High competition in entry-level positions.
Stress from tight deadlines and client expectations.
Need for continual skill updating to keep pace with technology.
Physical strain from long hours in front of screens or standing.
Potential income variability in freelance and contract work.

Common Mistakes of Beginners

Neglecting the importance of fundamental signal flow understanding leading to technical errors.
Overusing audio effects like reverb and compression, causing unnatural mixes.
Rushing recordings without proper session preparation or sound checks.
Ignoring proper gain staging, resulting in distorted or noisy audio.
Lack of consistent session documentation causing project confusion.
Failing to test mixes on multiple playback systems.
Underestimating the time required for editing and post-production.
Poor communication with clients and team members about expectations.

Contextual Advice

Invest time in mastering the basics of sound and signal flow before diving into complex tools.
Build a versatile portfolio by working on varied projects and styles.
Develop good communication skills; understand client needs clearly before sessions.
Use reference tracks when mixing to maintain perspective on tonal balance.
Prioritize backing up session files regularly to avoid data loss.
Attend workshops and industry events to stay current with evolving tech.
Practice critical listening daily by analyzing professional mixes across genres.
Network actively to discover job opportunities and receive mentorship.

Examples and Case Studies

Revolutionizing Live Sound for a National Music Festival

An experienced audio engineer led the sound reinforcement design, setup, and live mixing for a three-day music festival hosting over 30 bands across multiple stages. By meticulously calibrating the PA systems and deploying wireless technology with spectrum management, the engineer overcame challenges like outdoor acoustics and fluctuating power sources. The event's audio quality received acclaim from performers and attendees alike, demonstrating the impact of pre-planning and technical expertise in a complex live environment.

Key Takeaway: Careful preparation, a deep understanding of acoustics, and quick problem-solving are essential for successful live sound engineering.

Transforming a Low-Budget Indie Film with Creative Audio Post-Production

A mid-level audio engineer working with an independent film production elevated the movie’s sound by employing innovative Foley recording, ADR sessions, and sound design to compensate for challenging location audio. Using advanced noise reduction techniques and immersive mixing, the engineer enhanced narrative immersion despite budget constraints. The film went on to receive festival recognition, highlighting the value of creative problem-solving and technical skill in audio post-production.

Key Takeaway: Resourcefulness and technical innovation can significantly enhance audio quality even with limited resources.

Pioneering Spatial Audio for a Virtual Reality Game

A senior audio engineer specialized in spatial audio worked with a gaming studio to create a fully 3D immersive sound environment using Ambisonics and binaural processing. Integrating realistic audio positioning and environmental effects enhanced the player’s presence and engagement. The project required collaboration with developers and iterative testing to align sound cues with game physics and visuals, showcasing the complexity of audio engineering in emerging mediums.

Key Takeaway: Technical adaptability and interdisciplinary teamwork are critical for success in cutting-edge audio fields.

Portfolio Tips

Building an impressive audio engineering portfolio requires a strategic approach that showcases both breadth and depth of skill. Including a variety of project types such as music recordings, film soundtracks, podcasts, live event mixes, and experimental sound design demonstrates versatility to potential employers or clients. Ensure each portfolio entry clearly highlights your specific role and the challenges you overcame.

Quality over quantity is key; select projects that best represent your technical proficiency and creative decisions. Provide before-and-after audio samples when possible to illustrate your impact. Incorporate detailed session notes or brief explanations to contextualize your workflow and problem-solving ability.

Maintaining an up-to-date digital portfolio hosted on a professional website or well-known platforms like SoundCloud or Vimeo enhances accessibility. Consider including video or interactive elements, especially for immersive audio projects, to give viewers a fuller sense of your work.

Soliciting testimonials from collaborators, producers, or clients adds credibility and showcases your teamwork and communication skills. Keeping your portfolio format clean, organized, and easy to navigate reflects professionalism.

Regularly revisiting and refreshing your portfolio ensures it evolves with your skill set and industry trends. Finally, tailor the portfolio to the niche or job you’re applying for by emphasizing relevant projects and technologies, whether it’s live sound, post-production, or multimedia audio engineering.

Job Outlook & Related Roles

Growth Rate: 8%
Status: Growing about as fast as average due to rising demand from streaming, gaming, and immersive media industries.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Related Roles

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between an audio engineer and a sound designer?

An audio engineer primarily focuses on the technical aspects of recording, mixing, and reproducing sound, ensuring clarity and quality. A sound designer, on the other hand, creates custom audio elements such as sound effects, atmospheres, and audio textures often for theatrical, gaming, or cinematic applications. While roles can overlap, sound designers lean more towards creative audio content generation, whereas audio engineers manage the technical capture and refinement of audio.

Do I need formal education to become an audio engineer?

Formal education is not strictly mandatory but highly beneficial. Structured programs provide comprehensive theoretical knowledge and practical studio experience, helping accelerate skill development. Many successful audio engineers also learn through apprenticeships, internships, or self-study. Certifications in industry-standard software (like Pro Tools) further boost employability.

What software should I learn to start as an audio engineer?

Begin with widely used Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs) such as Avid Pro Tools, Logic Pro, Ableton Live, or Cubase. Learning plugins for EQ, compression, reverb, and restoration like Waves, FabFilter, or iZotope is also advantageous. These tools form the backbone of most professional audio workflows.

Is it possible to work remotely as an audio engineer?

Yes, remote work for audio engineers has grown, especially for editing, mixing, and mastering tasks. Cloud collaboration platforms allow teams to work together across distances. However, live sound engineering or initial recording often requires on-site presence.

What are the common challenges faced in live sound engineering?

Live sound engineers contend with unpredictable acoustics, equipment malfunctions, limited setup time, and the pressure of delivering flawless audio in real time. Managing feedback, communicating with performers, and adapting quickly to changing environments are also demanding aspects.

How can I improve my critical listening skills?

Practice active and focused listening daily by analyzing a wide range of professionally mixed music and audio content. Use quality headphones or monitor speakers in controlled listening environments. Train yourself to identify frequency ranges, dynamic changes, spatial cues, and subtle effects nuances.

What opportunities exist for specialization within audio engineering?

Engineers can specialize in fields such as music mixing, mastering, film/TV post-production, live sound, broadcast audio, game audio, spatial/immersive audio, or audio restoration. Specialization often requires additional skills and certifications tailored to those areas.

How important is networking in an audio engineering career?

Highly important. The audio industry values referrals, collaborations, and reputation. Developing relationships with artists, producers, directors, and peers opens doors to projects, mentorship, and career advancement. Attending industry events and joining professional associations aid networking.