Field Sales Representative Career Path Guide

A Field Sales Representative is responsible for proactively engaging clients and prospects face-to-face to sell products or services, build relationships, and develop new business opportunities. This role requires travel to various locations, expert product knowledge, and strong interpersonal skills to influence purchase decisions and exceed sales targets.

growth rate

$67,500

median salary

remote-friendly

📈 Market Demand

Low

High

Demand for Field Sales Representatives remains high, driven by industries emphasizing personalized customer engagement and expanding markets. Growth in technology, healthcare, and industrial sectors, combined with necessity for direct client interaction, sustains a robust need for skilled field sales professionals.

🇺🇸 Annual Salary (US, USD)

45,000—90,000

Median: $67,500

Entry-Level: $51,750
Mid-Level: $67,500
Senior-Level: $83,250

Top 10% of earners in this field can expect salaries starting from $90,000+ per year, especially with specialized skills in high-demand areas.

Core Functions of the Field Sales Representative Role

A Field Sales Representative acts as the direct link between a company and its customers by representing the brand in person, outside of traditional office settings. They navigate client meetings, product demonstrations, and negotiations primarily at the customer’s location, ranging from retail stores to warehouses or offices.

This role goes beyond just selling—it requires a deep understanding of the products or services, customer needs, and competitive landscape. Success hinges on ability to read markets, adapt communication style, and nurture long-term relationships to drive repeat sales and referrals.

Field Sales Representatives often work toward quantitative goals such as sales volume, revenue growth, or market share increases. Their role integrates with internal teams like marketing, customer service, and product departments, feeding back valuable field insights that shape sales strategies and offerings.

Since travel and face-to-face interaction are core to the job, representatives develop strong networking skills and learn to manage time effectively on the road. The dynamic nature of this career makes it ideal for motivated, outgoing individuals looking for autonomy and a results-driven environment.

Field Sales Representatives can specialize by industry—whether technology, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, or industrial equipment—each demanding tailored product expertise and sales tactics. Constant learning, resilience in handling objections, and an innate sales acumen are essential to thrive in this role.

Key Responsibilities
Establish and maintain strong relationships with new and existing clients through face-to-face meetings.
Understand client needs and tailor product presentations and demonstrations accordingly.
Meet or exceed assigned sales territories’ revenue and volume targets by actively prospecting and closing deals.
Conduct market research and competitor analysis during visits to adapt sales strategies effectively.
Prepare and deliver clear, compelling sales proposals and negotiate pricing and contract terms.
Collaborate with internal teams to communicate customer feedback and resolve post-sale issues.
Manage travel schedules to maximize customer interaction and regional coverage efficiency.
Maintain accurate records of sales activities, customer interactions, and pipeline progress using CRM software.
Participate in trade shows, industry events, and community networking to expand contacts.
Provide training and product knowledge updates to clients when necessary.
Analyze sales data and market trends to forecast demand and identify areas for growth.
Ensure compliance with company policies, ethical standards, and industry regulations.
Follow up with clients post-sale to guarantee satisfaction and secure repeat business.
Identify and target new market segments for business development opportunities.
Work independently with minimal supervision while effectively managing time and priorities.

Work Setting

Field Sales Representatives typically spend a significant portion of their workweek traveling within a designated territory, visiting clients at their places of business or retail locations. This role requires adaptability to various environments, including formal office settings, warehouses, and outdoor venues. Visits may range from scheduled appointments to impromptu networking meetings.

Aside from being on the road, representatives often work remotely or from a home office for administrative tasks such as preparing sales reports, planning routes, and collaborating with internal teams. The nature of the role demands flexibility, as occasional evening or weekend meetings may be necessary to accommodate client schedules or special events.

While face-to-face interactions are critical, technology plays an increasing role in bridging communication gaps. Field sales professionals often use mobile devices, CRM apps, and sales enablement tools to stay connected and document their progress.

The job environment can be fast-paced and require a high level of personal organization and discipline to balance client expectations, travel demands, and sales goals effectively. Representatives must be prepared to work independently and thrive under pressure while maintaining a positive and professional demeanor.

Tech Stack

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software (e.g. Salesforce, HubSpot, Zoho CRM)
Mobile Sales Apps (e.g. Microsoft Dynamics 365, Pipedrive)
Route Planning and GPS navigation apps (e.g. Google Maps, Waze)
Mobile devices (smartphones, tablets)
Email management and scheduling tools (e.g. Outlook, Gmail, Calendly)
Presentation Software (e.g. Microsoft PowerPoint, Prezi)
Digital signature platforms (e.g. DocuSign, Adobe Sign)
Sales analytics and reporting tools (e.g. Tableau, Power BI)
Product demonstration equipment and software
Lead generation and prospecting platforms (e.g. LinkedIn Sales Navigator, ZoomInfo)
Note-taking apps (e.g. Evernote, OneNote)
Communication platforms (e.g. Zoom, Slack, Microsoft Teams)
Inventory management systems
Contract management software
Financial calculator or budgeting tools
Digital catalogues and brochures
Marketing automation tools (e.g. Mailchimp, Pardot)
Social media management platforms for networking (e.g. Hootsuite)
Customer feedback and survey tools (e.g. SurveyMonkey)
Expense tracking apps (e.g. Expensify)

Skills and Qualifications

Education Level

While a bachelor's degree is not always mandatory, having one significantly improves a candidate’s chances of securing a role as a Field Sales Representative, especially in competitive industries. Degrees in business administration, marketing, communications, or related fields provide foundational knowledge about sales processes, market analysis, and customer psychology.

Many employers value practical experience and proven sales success over formal education alone. Entry-level positions may be accessible to candidates with a high school diploma coupled with strong interpersonal skills and relevant internship or part-time sales experience.

Ongoing professional development is crucial as the field is constantly evolving with new sales technologies and market trends. Certifications such as Certified Professional Sales Person (CPSP), or training programs from recognized sales organizations, can enhance credibility and equip candidates with advanced negotiation and consultative selling skills.

Strong literacy in using CRM software and digital tools is typically expected from the outset. Additionally, knowledge about the specific industry’s products or services adds a competitive edge and is sometimes acquired through on-the-job training or specialized courses.

Tech Skills

Proficiency in CRM software (Salesforce, HubSpot, Zoho CRM)
Sales pipeline and opportunity management
Lead generation and prospecting techniques
Product demonstration and presentation skills
Contract negotiation and closing techniques
Market research and competitive analysis
Data entry and sales reporting
Route planning and time management tools
Mobile device and app proficiency
Digital signature platforms
Sales forecasting and analytics
Inventory and order management basics
E-commerce platform familiarity
Customer feedback collection and analysis
Basic financial and budgeting knowledge

Soft Abilities

Excellent communication and active listening
Interpersonal and relationship-building abilities
Negotiation and persuasion skills
Adaptability and resilience in dynamic environments
Self-motivation and goal orientation
Time management and organizational skills
Problem-solving mindset
Emotional intelligence and empathy
Confidence and assertiveness
Networking and rapport-building

Path to Field Sales Representative

Starting a career as a Field Sales Representative involves a blend of education, hands-on experience, and continuous skill refinement. Prospective candidates should begin by focusing on developing strong communication and interpersonal skills. Volunteering or working in customer-facing roles like retail or tele-sales can build fundamental sales behavior and confidence.

Gaining formal education in business, marketing, or related fields lays a strong foundation, though many find success through vocational training programs and sales-specific certifications. Enrolling in courses that cover persuasive communication, negotiation, and digital sales tools will provide practical knowledge applicable on the job.

Networking plays a crucial role; attending sales industry events, business meetups, and trade shows can open doors to entry-level field sales roles. Many companies offer paid internships or trainee programs that provide shadowing opportunities with experienced representatives to gain firsthand experience.

Candidate readiness is further enhanced by familiarizing oneself with CRM systems and sales enablement technologies used to track and manage customer relationships. Building comfort with mobile technology and digital communication platforms is vital given the highly mobile nature of this role.

Upon securing a position, new Field Sales Representatives benefit from seeking mentorship, practicing consultative selling techniques, and requesting regular feedback to accelerate growth. Progressing in this career depends on consistently meeting or exceeding sales targets, willingness to travel, and ability to manage time efficiently.

Industry-specific knowledge boosts effectiveness—representatives should invest time in learning product specifications, competitive advantages, and market trends. The ability to adapt sales pitches based on client profiles and cultural contexts is another valuable competence.

Career advancement often comes through demonstrated success and expanding territory responsibility. Pursuing further certifications, leadership training, and exploring specialized sales areas can pave the way toward senior or managerial roles.

Required Education

Pursuing a two- or four-year degree in business administration, marketing, communications, or a related discipline provides aspirants with a solid understanding of core sales principles, customer behaviors, and market dynamics. Many universities also offer specialized sales or sales management courses emphasizing techniques, ethics, and digital tools.

Technical training on CRM software, mobile sales applications, and data analytics tools is frequently available through vendor certification programs or industry workshops. For individuals seeking rapid entry, accredited trade schools or online platforms like Coursera, LinkedIn Learning, and HubSpot Academy offer targeted sales training courses.

Certification programs such as the Certified Professional Sales Person (CPSP), Sales Management Certification (SMC), or the Certified Inside Sales Professional (CISP) credential add professional credibility. These certifications cover advanced sales strategies, client management, and negotiation mastery.

Some industries, such as pharmaceuticals or industrial equipment, require representatives to have product-specific training due to the technical nature of products. Companies often provide extensive onboarding and mentoring programs focusing on product knowledge, compliance, and territory strategy for new hires.

Ongoing professional development is essential; attending seminars, webinars, and sales conferences ensures practitioners stay updated on emerging trends and best practices. This continuous learning mindset enhances adaptability in fast-evolving industries and environments.

Many organizations also encourage cross-training in customer service, marketing, or product management to build holistic understanding and improve collaboration across departments.

Sales simulators and role-playing exercises serve as practical training methods for new representatives to hone objection handling, presentation delivery, and closing skills in a safe environment before meeting clients in the field.

Career Path Tiers

Junior Field Sales Representative

Experience: 0-2 years

At the entry-level, Junior Field Sales Representatives focus on learning the fundamentals of field sales through supervised client visits and product training. They support senior representatives, build basic prospecting skills, and gradually begin handling smaller accounts. Expectations include mastering CRM usage, understanding sales processes, and developing confidence in face-to-face interactions while maintaining rigorous documentation of activities.

Mid-level Field Sales Representative

Experience: 3-5 years

Mid-level representatives independently manage a defined territory or client segment, aiming to consistently hit sales targets and deepen customer relationships. Their role expands to conducting market analysis, negotiating contracts, and mentoring junior colleagues. They often adapt sales strategies to meet evolving client demands and provide input to the sales leadership on competitive landscape insights.

Senior Field Sales Representative

Experience: 6-9 years

Senior representatives are responsible for high-value accounts and complex sales cycles, delivering strategic value to clients and significantly contributing to company revenues. They lead in developing sales initiatives, handle challenging negotiations, and serve as role models through coaching team members. Additionally, they collaborate closely with product and marketing teams to align sales efforts with overall business objectives.

Field Sales Manager

Experience: 10+ years

Field Sales Managers oversee a team of representatives, managing territory assignments, sales goals, and performance reviews. They design and implement sales plans, track KPIs, and drive continuous improvement. Leadership skills, budget management, and strategic planning become critical as they balance operational management with motivating a high-performing sales force.

Global Outlook

Field Sales Representative roles exist worldwide, especially in regions with robust commercial sectors and diverse industries. North America remains a major hub with extensive opportunities in technology, healthcare, manufacturing, and consumer goods, supported by a mature market and sophisticated sales infrastructure. The United States and Canada provide abundant openings for both entry-level and seasoned sales professionals.

Europe offers diverse prospects across its economic core countries such as Germany, the UK, and France, where strong industrial bases and high-tech sectors require skilled field sales personnel. Multilingual abilities and cultural adaptability are advantageous in these multicultural markets.

Asia-Pacific continues to experience rapid industrialization and consumer growth, creating surging demand for field sales expertise in emerging economies like China, India, Japan, and Australia. Sales roles in this region often necessitate deep product knowledge combined with an understanding of local business etiquette and regulatory environments.

Latin America, including Brazil and Mexico, presents expanding opportunities as companies seek to penetrate growing consumer markets and industrial sectors. Representatives here encounter unique challenges such as logistical hurdles but can leverage strong interpersonal skills to build trust in communities less receptive to remote sales techniques.

Africa’s growing infrastructure and resource sectors also invoke demand for field sales professionals, although the market can be heterogeneous and require tailored approaches, often involving both multinational corporations and startups.

Global mobility and proficiency in multiple languages enhance a field sales representative’s employability internationally. Cross-border experience not only broadens business perspectives but strengthens a candidate’s ability to navigate diverse markets, negotiate cultural nuances, and contribute to multinational sales campaigns effectively.

Job Market Today

Role Challenges

Field Sales Representatives face mounting challenges as digital transformation reshapes traditional sales models. Increasingly, buyers conduct extensive online research before meeting a sales rep, raising the bar for demonstrating unique value in-person. Economic uncertainty and fluctuating customer budgets add pressure to not just close sales but justify product investments compellingly. Travel demands can be physically and mentally taxing, impacting personal life and burnout risk. Navigating complex B2B decision-making units, longer sales cycles, and fierce competition requires persistence and adaptive selling strategies. Managing time effectively to maximize face-to-face opportunities while balancing administrative work remains a struggle for many. Technology adoption is another hurdle; representatives required to master multiple tools may find the integration cumbersome without adequate training or support. Furthermore, pandemic-era shifts toward hybrid sales models create uncertainty about the future balance between virtual and in-person engagement, necessitating agility and continuous skill development.

Growth Paths

Despite challenges, growth opportunities abound as companies emphasize personalized customer engagement to differentiate their offerings. Sectors like technology, pharmaceuticals, renewable energy, and industrial automation are investing heavily in expanding their field sales forces to capture market share. The rise of data-driven sales approaches is enabling representatives to target prospects more precisely and forecast demand with greater accuracy. Enhanced training platforms and sales enablement tools increase effectiveness and support ongoing professional growth. E-commerce integration with field sales strategies creates hybrid roles involving consultative selling alongside digital channels, opening new avenues for career advancement. Representatives with cross-functional knowledge in marketing, analytics, or product development find themselves in high demand. Emerging markets continue to unlock significant potential, particularly for reps willing to work in challenging but rewarding international territories. Leadership pathways through roles like team lead or sales manager provide prospects for those excelling in mentoring and strategic planning.

Industry Trends

The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in CRM systems is transforming how Field Sales Representatives identify leads and predict customer needs. Virtual and augmented reality tools are gaining traction for enhanced product demos, giving reps richer storytelling capabilities in the field. Social selling through platforms like LinkedIn is becoming standard practice, complementing face-to-face efforts and expanding networking reach. Mobile-first technologies and cloud-based apps foster greater mobility and real-time data access. Sustainability and ethical sales practices are influencing buyer preferences, compelling reps to align messaging with corporate social responsibility narratives. Personalization and customer experience optimization remain crucial, with advanced analytics guiding more tailored interactions. Remote and hybrid sales roles are challenging the traditional field sales paradigm, prompting reps to develop proficiency in video conferencing and digital collaboration while preserving the value of physical presence.

A Day in the Life

Morning (9:00 AM - 12:00 PM)

Focus: Client Meetings & Territory Planning

Review daily schedule and prioritize client visits.
Conduct face-to-face meetings or product demonstrations.
Listen to client needs and address questions or objections.
Record meeting notes and update CRM with relevant information.
Plan route logistics for efficient travel between appointments.

Afternoon (12:00 PM - 3:00 PM)

Focus: Prospecting & Sales Follow-Ups

Reach out to potential new clients via phone or in person.
Follow-up on previous meetings with proposals or samples.
Negotiate pricing, contract terms, and close sales deals.
Coordinate with internal teams to address client concerns.
Enter sales data and update pipeline forecasts.

Late Afternoon (3:00 PM - 6:00 PM)

Focus: Administrative Tasks & Reporting

Prepare and send sales reports to management.
Respond to emails and schedule next day appointments.
Analyze sales territory performance and identify opportunities.
Attend virtual or in-person team meetings or training.
Organize product samples, marketing materials, and demo equipment.

Work-Life Balance & Stress

Stress Level: Moderate to High

Balance Rating: Challenging

Balancing extensive travel, tight deadlines, and high sales targets creates moderate to high stress levels for Field Sales Representatives. The unpredictability of client schedules, long hours on the road, and pressure to meet quotas can strain personal life. However, the flexibility to manage one’s schedule and work independently offers some balance. Effective time management, support from sales leadership, and clear communication about workload help mitigate stress. Representatives who build strong boundaries between work and personal time tend to maintain healthier work-life balance. Organizations are increasingly recognizing these challenges and providing wellness resources, though individual self-care remains essential.

Skill Map

This map outlines the core competencies and areas for growth in this profession, showing how foundational skills lead to specialized expertise.

Foundational Skills

Core abilities every field sales representative must master to succeed in face-to-face sales roles.

Effective Communication & Active Listening
Customer Needs Analysis
Basic Product Knowledge & Demonstration
Time & Territory Management

Advanced Sales Techniques

Skills needed to handle complex negotiations and strategic selling.

Consultative Selling
Objection Handling & Persuasion
Contract Negotiation
Sales Forecasting & Analytics Interpretation

Tools and Technology

Proficiency with the digital tools that streamline and support field sales processes.

CRM Software Proficiency (Salesforce, HubSpot)
Mobile Sales Applications
Presentation & Proposal Software
Route and Schedule Planning Tools

Professional Skills

Soft skills and business acumen crucial for successful client engagement and career growth.

Networking & Relationship Building
Emotional Intelligence & Empathy
Self-Motivation & Discipline
Cross-Functional Collaboration

Pros & Cons for Field Sales Representative

✅ Pros

Opportunity to build meaningful, direct relationships with clients and see immediate results.
High earning potential with commissions and performance bonuses.
Variety and autonomy in daily work through travel and diverse client interactions.
Ability to develop strong negotiation and communication skills.
Career advancement paths into senior sales or management roles.
Exposure to different industries and markets broadens business understanding.

❌ Cons

Extensive travel can be physically draining and impact work-life balance.
High-pressure environment with demanding sales targets and KPIs.
Dealing with rejection and difficult clients requires resilience.
Administrative tasks and CRM updating can be time-consuming.
Risk of burnout due to irregular hours and constant mobility.
Dependence on external factors like economic cycles affecting sales performance.

Common Mistakes of Beginners

Failing to thoroughly research clients before meetings, resulting in off-target pitches.
Over-relying on scripted presentations rather than customizing for individual needs.
Neglecting to follow up promptly, losing momentum with prospects.
Underestimating the importance of accurate CRM data entry and pipeline tracking.
Poor time management leading to inefficient territory coverage and missed opportunities.
Ignoring non-verbal cues or failing to build genuine rapport during face-to-face meetings.
Attempting to close deals prematurely without building trust.
Inadequate preparation for handling pricing objections or contract negotiations.

Contextual Advice

Develop a deep understanding of your product and its unique selling points to tailor presentations effectively.
Always research your client thoroughly—know their business, challenges, and competitors.
Master CRM tools to keep customer information organized and sales processes streamlined.
Practice active listening to understand client needs fully and build trust.
Plan your travel and appointments logically to maximize face-to-face time and minimize downtime.
Be persistent but respectful; not every lead will convert immediately, so nurture relationships patiently.
Seek mentorship or coaching within your company to accelerate skill development.
Stay updated on industry trends and competitor movements to position your offerings strategically.

Examples and Case Studies

Transforming Regional Sales through Personalized Client Engagement

A mid-level Field Sales Representative in the industrial equipment sector increased regional sales by 30% within one year by shifting focus from generic product demos to customized, problem-focused presentations. By investing time in understanding each client's operational challenges, the representative proposed tailored solutions, resulting in stronger client trust, faster closing cycles, and increased referrals.

Key Takeaway: Personalization in client engagement drastically improves conversion rates and strengthens long-term business relationships.

Leveraging CRM and Analytics to Optimize Sales Routes and Boost Efficiency

A sales team adopted advanced CRM analytics tools to analyze historical customer data and geographic clustering. This allowed Field Sales Representatives to plan optimized travel routes and prioritize high-potential accounts. Consequently, the team increased daily client visits by 25%, reduced travel costs, and enhanced overall productivity.

Key Takeaway: Integrating technology for data-driven territory management can significantly improve sales efficiency and results.

Navigating Economic Downturn by Diversifying Client Base

During an economic slowdown, a senior Field Sales Representative in the consumer goods industry mitigated revenue losses by expanding outreach into non-traditional market segments, including emerging online retailers and local distributors. The strategic pivot maintained steady sales and positioned the company to capitalize on the market recovery.

Key Takeaway: Agility to diversify and adapt target markets during challenging times protects sales pipelines and sustains growth.

Implementing Social Selling Tactics to Complement Field Sales

A technology Field Sales Representative integrated LinkedIn social selling techniques with traditional in-person meetings. By nurturing prospects online and sharing relevant content, the representative expanded reach and warmed leads prior to face-to-face engagement, resulting in a 20% increase in lead conversion over six months.

Key Takeaway: Blending digital networking and personal sales calls enhances lead generation and engagement.

Portfolio Tips

While a portfolio is less conventional for Field Sales Representatives compared to creatives, maintaining a well-documented sales portfolio can significantly boost credibility. Include case studies of successful sales experiences, testimonials from clients, key achievements like quota attainment or awards, and examples of tailored proposals or presentations.

Visual representation of sales volumes, territory growth, or customer satisfaction improvements can make your skills and impact tangible. Investing in a digital portfolio or a professional LinkedIn profile that highlights your career milestones, certifications, and client endorsements establishes a personal brand and builds trust with potential employers or clients.

Regularly update your portfolio to reflect evolving skills, industries served, and technological competencies. Include examples showcasing your adaptability to various market conditions and innovative approaches such as use of sales technology or new selling methodologies.

Demonstrating measurable results, such as revenue generated or customer retention rates, distinguishes your performance among peers. Additionally, highlighting soft skills like negotiation success stories or conflict resolution instances adds depth.

Practicing concise storytelling about challenging deals or breakthrough sales during interviews, backed by portfolio data, portrays you as a capable and reliable sales professional.

Incorporating multimedia elements such as videos of product demos (with client permission) or recorded customer testimonials can further enhance engagement and provide authentic proof of your sales expertise.

Job Outlook & Related Roles

Growth Rate: 6%
Status: Growing about as fast as average
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Related Roles

Frequently Asked Questions

What qualifications do I need to become a Field Sales Representative?

Most positions require at least a high school diploma, though many employers prefer candidates with a bachelor’s degree in business, marketing, or related fields. Relevant sales experience, strong communication skills, and proficiency with sales technologies often carry more weight than formal education alone. Certifications in sales techniques or CRM software can also boost your qualifications.

How important is travel in this role?

Travel is a fundamental aspect of being a Field Sales Representative, often representing 50-70% of the workweek. You’ll visit clients at their locations, attend trade shows, and meet prospects. Being comfortable with frequent travel and having good planning skills to manage your schedule efficiently are crucial.

Can Field Sales Representatives work remotely?

While administrative tasks and some communication can occur remotely, the core duties require in-person client interaction, making the role largely non-remote. Hybrid models combining brief virtual meetings with field visits are more common now, but full remote work is rare due to the nature of face-to-face selling.

What industries hire Field Sales Representatives?

Industries hiring Field Sales Representatives are vast, including technology, pharmaceuticals, manufacturing, consumer goods, medical devices, industrial equipment, and more. Each sector demands specialized product knowledge and tailored sales approaches.

What are common challenges faced in field sales?

Challenges include managing travel fatigue, facing rejection, handling complex multi-stakeholder sales processes, balancing administrative duties with client-facing time, and adapting to constantly changing market conditions.

How can I improve my sales performance in the field?

Focus on continuous learning about your products and customers, sharpen your communication and negotiation skills, leverage CRM and analytics tools to manage leads effectively, and seek mentorship or coaching.

Is commission-based compensation common in this role?

Yes, most Field Sales Representatives have a base salary complemented by commission or bonuses tied to sales performance. This structure rewards high achievers and motivates meeting or exceeding targets.

What soft skills are most valuable in field sales?

Strong interpersonal communication, emotional intelligence to navigate client emotions, persistence, adaptability, active listening, and excellent time management are among the most valuable soft skills.

How has technology changed the field sales landscape?

Technology has introduced advanced CRM tools, data analytics, mobile applications, and virtual selling aids that improve efficiency and client insights. Social selling via LinkedIn and other platforms supplements face-to-face interactions, providing new avenues to nurture leads.

What career progression opportunities exist for Field Sales Representatives?

Experienced representatives can progress to senior sales roles, regional or national sales managers, account managers, or shift laterally into related fields such as marketing, product management, or business development.