Fire Investigator Career Path Guide

Fire Investigators are specialized professionals who analyze the origin, cause, and circumstances of fires and explosions. They play a crucial role in determining whether a fire was accidental, natural, or intentional, and their findings often inform insurance claims, legal proceedings, and public safety measures.

growth rate

$71,500

median salary

remote-friendly

📈 Market Demand

Low

High

Demand for Fire Investigators remains high due to sustained needs in public safety, insurance claims processing, and legal accountability related to fire incidents. Rising complexities in building materials, increasing urban density, and stronger fire safety regulations contribute to consistent employment opportunities. Specialized skills, certifications, and adaptability to new technologies are highly sought after.

🇺🇸 Annual Salary (US, USD)

48,000—95,000

Median: $71,500

Entry-Level: $55,050
Mid-Level: $71,500
Senior-Level: $87,950

Top 10% of earners in this field can expect salaries starting from $95,000+ per year, especially with specialized skills in high-demand areas.

Core Functions of the Fire Investigator Role

A Fire Investigator combines knowledge in fire science, chemistry, engineering, and law enforcement to meticulously analyze fire scenes. Their primary objective is to determine the fire's point of origin, cause, and progression. They examine evidence such as burn patterns, material residues, and electrical systems to piece together how the fire started and whether foul play was involved.

Fire Investigators often work closely with local fire departments, police agencies, insurance companies, and legal professionals. Their findings can impact criminal investigations, civil litigation, and regulatory compliance. Beyond investigation, these professionals also educate the community about fire prevention and safety measures to reduce future incidents.

The role requires an exceptional attention to detail, strong analytical reasoning, knowledge of scientific methods, and the ability to document findings comprehensively. Investigators must collect and preserve evidence properly, interview witnesses and suspects, and occasionally testify in court as expert witnesses. Ethical integrity and the ability to work under pressure are critical attributes.

In addition to responding to fire scenes, Fire Investigators spend a significant amount of time preparing detailed reports, reviewing records, and updating case files. Their insights help shape policies and contribute to innovations in fire safety technology and building codes globally.

Key Responsibilities
Inspect fire scenes to collect physical evidence related to fire origin and cause.
Analyze burn patterns, fire dynamics, and material damage.
Use scientific testing to identify accelerants or explosive residues.
Interview witnesses, fire victims, and persons of interest.
Collaborate with fire departments, law enforcement, and insurance adjusters.
Complete detailed investigation reports for legal and insurance use.
Testify in court as expert witnesses during criminal or civil cases.
Maintain chain of custody and proper evidence documentation.
Implement fire scene safety protocols during investigations.
Stay current with advances in fire investigation techniques and technology.
Train and educate public or organizational staff on fire prevention.
Use digital mapping and 3D reconstruction software to analyze scenes.
Evaluate electrical, mechanical, and environmental data to exclude accidental causes.
Recommend improvements to fire codes or safety standards based on findings.
Assist in post-fire risk assessment and future incident mitigation strategies.

Work Setting

Fire Investigators commonly work in varied and dynamic environments. Much of their work occurs outdoors or on-site amid fire-damaged buildings, which can range from residential homes and commercial facilities to industrial complexes or wildland areas. Working conditions may be physically demanding and sometimes hazardous due to unstable structures, soot, and toxic residues, necessitating the use of personal protective equipment.

They spend considerable time indoors as well, in offices or labs where they analyze evidence, write reports, or review documentation. Investigators also frequently travel to different fire sites within their jurisdiction or even across states if the case requires. The role typically involves irregular hours since fires can occur at any time, and investigators may be called to respond during nights or weekends.

Oftentimes, collaboration and communication are essential since fire investigators coordinate with multiple agencies. Periodic courtroom appearances require professional composure and strong presentation skills. The job demands mental stamina, adaptability to various working conditions, and a strong commitment to public safety.

Tech Stack

Fire scene investigation kits (flashlights, measuring devices, evidence collection tools)
Portable gas chromatographs (for accelerant detection)
Ignition source analysis tools
Digital cameras and 3D scanners
Drone technology for aerial scene documentation
GIS mapping software
Thermal imaging cameras
Combustion analysis software
Fire modeling and simulation programs (e.g., Fire Dynamics Simulator)
Protective equipment (respirators, helmets, suits)
Lab equipment for chemical residue testing
Laser distance meters
Electronic documentation and reporting software
Forensic accelerant detection kits
Mobile data terminals and communication radios
Fire alarm and sprinkler system testers
Laser scanners for structural analysis
CAD software for scene reconstruction
Expert witness video conferencing platforms

Skills and Qualifications

Education Level

Becoming a Fire Investigator typically requires a minimum of a bachelor's degree in fire science, forensic science, criminal justice, or a related field. Some professionals enter the field with degrees in engineering, chemistry, or law enforcement before specializing in fire investigation. Training programs emphasize understanding fire behavior, investigation procedures, evidence handling, and legal protocols. Many jurisdictions require certification from recognized bodies such as the National Association of Fire Investigators (NAFI) or the International Association of Arson Investigators (IAAI).

Supplementing formal education with hands-on experience, such as internships with fire departments or law enforcement agencies, is highly valuable. Coursework often covers chemistry of combustion, fire dynamics, investigative report writing, criminal law, and scene management. Advanced knowledge in electrical systems, building construction, and forensic analysis greatly enhances effectiveness.

Successful candidates must also maintain continual education to remain current with advances in fire science, technology, and changes in safety codes. Some fire investigators pursue related certifications including Certified Fire and Explosion Investigator (CFEI) or Certified Fire Investigator (CFI). Formal education and certifications combined with practical investigative experience form the foundation for this demanding career.

Tech Skills

Fire scene evidence collection
Accelerant detection techniques
Burn pattern analysis
Fire dynamics and behavior
Combustion chemistry
Electrical system analysis
Fire modeling and simulation software
Collection and preservation of forensic evidence
Legal procedures for investigation and testimony
Report writing and documentation
3D reconstruction and mapping
Use of thermal imaging cameras
Drone operation for scene surveys
Chemical residue analysis
Accident reconstruction methodologies
GIS and CAD software proficiency
Use of portable forensic lab equipment
Interview and interrogation techniques
Fire alarm and suppression system evaluation
Data gathering and digital evidence management

Soft Abilities

Attention to detail
Analytical thinking
Problem-solving
Effective communication
Emotional resilience
Critical observation
Ethical judgment
Team collaboration
Time management
Stress management

Path to Fire Investigator

Embarking on a career as a Fire Investigator starts with gaining a solid educational foundation. Enrolling in a bachelor's degree program focused on fire science, forensic science, or criminal justice offers the theoretical background needed in fire behavior, chemistry, and law enforcement principles. Meanwhile, aspiring investigators should seek internship and volunteer opportunities with fire departments or law enforcement agencies to gain practical exposure.

Obtaining certification plays a pivotal role in advancing within this field. After completing formal education, candidates typically study for certifications such as the Certified Fire and Explosion Investigator (CFEI) offered by the National Association of Fire Investigators or the Certified Fire Investigator (CFI) credential provided by the International Association of Arson Investigators. These certifications validate technical knowledge and experience.

Hands-on investigative experience is integral. Many begin their careers as fire inspectors, firefighters, or crime scene technicians to accumulate relevant on-the-job skills. Developing expertise in evidence collection, interviewing, fire scene safety, and report writing is essential before leading full investigations.

Continuing education and staying current with evolving technologies ensure competitiveness. Fire Investigators often attend workshops, conferences, and specialized training on emerging fire science research, new detection tools, legal updates, and safety protocols. Networking through professional associations further enhances career prospects.

Advancement potential includes progressing into senior investigator roles, supervising teams, or consulting on complex cases. Some professionals transition into teaching, policy development, or forensic research. Persistence, continual learning, and a commitment to public safety define the path to becoming a successful Fire Investigator.

Required Education

Pursuing a degree in fire science or forensic science is the primary educational path for many Fire Investigators. Programs typically encompass fire behavior, fire prevention, fire protection engineering, chemistry of combustion, and criminal justice fundamentals. Many colleges and universities offer specialized bachelor’s degrees or associate degrees allowing students to build a strong base in fire investigation theory and practices.

Certificates and specialized training programs supplement degree curricula. For example, the National Fire Academy offers courses tailored to fire investigation covering topics like origin and cause determination, accelerant recognition, and evidence handling. These programs present practical labs and simulated fire scenes for experiential learning.

Certifications such as CFEI (Certified Fire and Explosion Investigator) and CFI (Certified Fire Investigator) are widely recognized benchmarks within the industry, often required by employers. To qualify, candidates must document investigation experience, pass rigorous written exams, and commit to ongoing professional development.

Workshops and seminars led by professional bodies such as NAFI and IAAI provide updated knowledge on advances like 3D fire scene reconstruction, chemical analyses, and evolving fire-related regulations. Additionally, cross-disciplinary training in areas like public safety, communications, and legal procedures improves overall effectiveness.

New Fire Investigators often train under experienced mentors while working on live cases, blending classroom learning with field practice. Agencies may also require knowledge of OSHA standards, environmental regulations, and interagency coordination methods. Peer-reviewed journals and industry publications offer further resources to refine expertise throughout a career.

Career Path Tiers

Junior Fire Investigator

Experience: 0-2 years

At the entry level, Junior Fire Investigators generally assist senior investigators by attending fire scenes to document conditions, collecting preliminary evidence, and supporting interviews. They focus heavily on learning standardized investigation procedures, legal requirements, and safety protocols under close supervision. Detailed note-taking, basic analysis of burn patterns, and familiarization with forensic tools are core responsibilities. They may also assist in writing reports and organizing case files. Junior investigators must build foundational knowledge while developing physical and analytical skills necessary for full case responsibility.

Mid-Level Fire Investigator

Experience: 3-7 years

Mid-level Fire Investigators take on full responsibility for fire scenes, leading origin and cause determinations independently. They coordinate with law enforcement and insurance personnel and supervise junior staff in evidence collection. Expert analysis of fire dynamics, accelerant detection, and electrical or mechanical systems forms a significant component of their work. Strong report-writing capabilities and courtroom testimony skills are required. These investigators engage in more complex cases, demonstrate advanced technical judgment, and contribute to training programs.

Senior Fire Investigator

Experience: 8+ years

Senior Fire Investigators oversee major or high-profile investigations, mentor less experienced investigators, and liaise extensively with government agencies, legal teams, and regulatory bodies. They often handle cases involving suspected arson, explosions, or fatalities requiring sophisticated forensic methods. Leadership in developing investigation protocols, advising on fire safety legislation, and representing the department in public forums fall under their remit. Senior investigators also manage budgets, training curricula, and agency-wide research projects.

Lead Fire Investigator / Fire Investigation Manager

Experience: 10+ years

Leads and managers of Fire Investigators are responsible for the strategic direction, policy implementation, and operational oversight of fire investigation units. They coordinate multi-agency efforts, oversee resource allocation, and ensure compliance with legal and ethical standards in all investigations. Their role requires exemplary leadership, advanced forensic expertise, and excellent communication skills to influence fire safety policy and community outreach programs. They often serve as primary expert witnesses in significant legal proceedings.

Global Outlook

The global demand for Fire Investigators varies by country depending on regulatory frameworks, urbanization rates, and industrial activity. In the United States and Canada, a well-established infrastructure of fire safety codes and law enforcement agencies creates steady openings in municipal fire departments and private consulting firms. Europe has similar opportunities, with the UK, Germany, and Scandinavia leading in fire safety innovation and maintaining rigorous investigation standards.

Rapidly developing countries in Asia, including China, India, and Southeast Asia, are bolstering fire investigation capabilities to cope with increasing urban density and industrial accidents. These regions often require specialized expertise in industrial fire investigations, petrochemical facility inspections, and mass transit system fire safety.

Australia and New Zealand, with their unique exposure to wildfires and urban conflagrations, provide niche opportunities for fire scene specialists focusing on environmental factors and wildfire origin analysis. Middle East countries with expanding infrastructure projects increasingly rely on fire investigation to protect sensitive construction and energy facilities.

Cross-border collaboration is becoming common in multinational arson or insurance fraud investigations. Knowledge of international fire codes, standards, and environmental regulations enhances employability in global consulting roles. Master's degree programs with an international focus and certifications recognized worldwide further assist Fire Investigators aiming to work abroad or for global organizations.

Job Market Today

Role Challenges

A major challenge faced by Fire Investigators today is the constantly increasing complexity of fire scenes due to modern building materials and technologies. Synthetic materials, advanced electrical systems, and smart building automation complicate the origin and cause analysis process. Investigators must stay current with new fire science research and adapt methodologies accordingly. Limited budgets and shifting political priorities can restrict access to advanced forensic equipment and training. Another growing challenge is the rise in intentional fires or arson cases, requiring improved integration of behavioral science and criminal investigation techniques. Mental health impacts and stress from exposure to fire fatalities can lead to occupational burnout. Legal scrutiny and pressured court testimony also add to professional demands.

Growth Paths

Growth in fire investigation careers is supported by increasing public awareness about fire safety, insurance industry needs, and regulatory oversight. Advances in forensic technology, such as 3D fire scene reconstruction, drone surveillance, and chemical accelerant detection, open new pathways for specialization. Interdisciplinary opportunities merging fire investigation with cybersecurity and environmental science are emerging. Private sector consulting, insurance fraud detection, and policy advisory roles provide alternative career tracks. The expansion of smart building and IoT (Internet of Things) environments also creates demand for investigators skilled in analyzing fire incidents related to connected technologies. Ongoing investments in wildfire prevention and investigation introduce additional openings in natural resource agencies and environmental organizations.

Industry Trends

The fire investigation field is increasingly embracing technology integration. Use of drones for rapid aerial scene assessment and 3D laser scanning to create accurate fire reconstructions is becoming widespread. Data analytics and fire modeling software enhance investigators’ ability to simulate fire scenarios and test hypotheses. Collaborative, multidisciplinary approaches involving engineers, chemists, legal experts, and behavioral psychologists are gaining prominence to address complex cases. There's also a growing emphasis on sustainable fire prevention strategies and integrating climate change considerations into wildfire investigations. Digital documentation and case management platforms improve efficiency and transparency. Virtual and augmented reality tools are beginning to be used for training and courtroom presentations. The legal system’s reliance on expert testimony continues to shape the professional standards and certifications within this domain.

A Day in the Life

Morning (9:00 AM - 12:00 PM)

Focus: Fire Scene Response & Initial Assessment

Travel to the fire scene to coordinate with first responders
Conduct preliminary survey of the site and identify safety hazards
Document initial observations including photographs and measurements
Collect physical evidence such as debris samples and ignition sources
Interview on-scene firefighters, witnesses, and property owners

Afternoon (12:00 PM - 4:00 PM)

Focus: In-depth Analysis and Documentation

Analyze burn patterns, fire spread, and residue in laboratory or mobile unit
Use chromatography and chemical tests to detect accelerants
Prepare detailed investigative reports outlining findings
Collaborate with forensic labs or engineering experts for specialized tests
Review fire alarm system and electrical component documentation

Evening (4:00 PM - 7:00 PM)

Focus: Case Follow-Up & Professional Development

Prepare for court testimony or brief attorneys on case status
Update case files and evidence logs with new data
Attend training sessions on new investigative techniques or legal updates
Participate in interagency meetings to discuss coordination efforts
Engage in community fire prevention outreach or educational initiatives

Work-Life Balance & Stress

Stress Level: High

Balance Rating: Challenging

Fire Investigation is inherently a high-stress occupation due to its reactive nature—responding at unpredictable hours to emergencies frequently involving loss of life or severe destruction. The physical and emotional toll of working in hazardous environments and exposure to traumatic scenes can impact mental wellness. Court appearances, tight deadlines, and scrutiny from multiple stakeholders increase pressure. Balancing on-call duties with personal lives can be difficult. However, strong organizational skills, supportive team environments, and proactive stress management techniques contribute to managing work-life balance effectively.

Skill Map

This map outlines the core competencies and areas for growth in this profession, showing how foundational skills lead to specialized expertise.

Foundational Skills

Essential knowledge that forms the basis of competent fire investigation.

Understanding fire behavior and combustion physics
Basic evidence collection and preservation
Burn pattern recognition
Report writing and documentation
Fire scene safety practices
Interview and information gathering

Technical Expertise

Advanced scientific, analytical tools, and investigative techniques.

Accelerant detection and chemical residue analysis
Electrical and mechanical failure analysis
Forensic fire modeling and simulation
Use of thermal imaging and drones for scene assessment
3D fire scene reconstruction and mapping
Legal procedures and courtroom testimony

Professional & Soft Skills

Crucial interpersonal and organizational skills supporting effective investigation.

Attention to detail and critical observation
Effective communication and interviewing
Stress resilience and emotional intelligence
Ethical judgment and integrity
Collaboration and teamwork
Time management and prioritization

Pros & Cons for Fire Investigator

✅ Pros

Opportunity to make a tangible impact on public safety and forensic justice.
Work variety with diverse fire scenes and investigative challenges.
Collaboration with multidisciplinary teams enhances professional skills.
Potential to advance into specialized technical or managerial roles.
Continuous learning through evolving fire science and technology.
Sense of purpose by preventing future fire incidents through investigations.

❌ Cons

Irregular and unpredictable working hours with frequent on-call duties.
Exposure to physically hazardous and emotionally traumatic scenes.
High levels of occupational stress and mental health challenges.
Requirement to maintain complex certifications and ongoing education.
Legal scrutiny and responsibility associated with expert testimonies.
Potential difficulties balancing professional duties with personal life.

Common Mistakes of Beginners

Failing to properly secure and preserve the fire scene, leading to compromised evidence.
Relying too heavily on assumptions rather than detailed scientific analysis.
Overlooking the importance of safety protocols, putting themselves at risk.
Neglecting detailed photographic documentation at the scene.
Inadequate report writing lacking clarity, detail, or objectivity.
Underestimating the legal implications and courtroom preparation.
Insufficient coordination with law enforcement and forensic specialists.
Ignoring continuous learning and advancements in fire science technologies.

Contextual Advice

Always prioritize safety while on fire scenes; use proper protective gear.
Develop meticulous note-taking and photographic documentation habits.
Pursue specialized certifications early to build credibility.
Invest time in learning legal processes and testifying with confidence.
Collaborate closely with multidisciplinary teams for holistic investigations.
Remain current on evolving fire science and technology developments.
Practice stress management techniques to maintain mental resilience.
Engage in community education and fire prevention outreach for broader impact.

Examples and Case Studies

Investigation of a High-Rise Apartment Fire in Chicago

A fire that devastated a residential high-rise required advanced origin and cause determination. The Fire Investigator team utilized 3D scanning technology to reconstruct burn patterns and ruled out accidental ignition from cooking equipment. Subsequent chemical residue analysis identified an accelerant, confirming arson. Coordinated efforts with law enforcement led to prosecution of the suspect.

Key Takeaway: Integration of advanced technology and interagency collaboration is essential in complex urban fire investigations.

Wildfire Origin Analysis in California

In a major wildfire impacting thousands of acres, the investigator focused on combining satellite imagery, drone footage, and weather data to pinpoint the ignition point. They also assessed electrical infrastructure for faults. The investigation revealed that a fallen power line was the cause, influencing utility safety reforms designed to prevent future wildfires.

Key Takeaway: Comprehensive environmental data and innovative tools enhance effectiveness in wildfire investigations.

Industrial Explosion Investigation at a Chemical Plant

Following a catastrophic explosion, Fire Investigators cooperated with chemical engineers and environmental scientists to analyze volatile material residues and ignition sources. Rigorous evidence collection and multidisciplinary analysis led to identification of safety violations that caused the incident, driving industry-wide changes in hazardous materials management.

Key Takeaway: Complex industrial fire investigations benefit from a cross-disciplinary approach for thorough cause determination.

Arson Case in a Small-town Retail Store

A suspicious fire in a local retail store was investigated through detailed witness interviews and accelerant detection kits. Although inspectors initially suspected electrical failure, chemical analysis contradicted this. The subsequent criminal investigation highlighted the importance of unbiased evidence gathering and detailed laboratory testing.

Key Takeaway: Objective, science-based investigation is crucial to avoid premature conclusions in fire investigations.

Portfolio Tips

Building a compelling portfolio as a Fire Investigator involves more than listing qualifications; it is about demonstrating your comprehensive investigative skills, technical expertise, and case management abilities. Start by documenting detailed case studies of investigations you have participated in, describing the challenges, methodologies used, and outcomes. Including before-and-after photographic documentation, 3D reconstructions, and chemical test results can showcase technical prowess. Make sure to emphasize certifications and specialized training, reflecting your commitment to continual professional development.

Highlight any collaboration with multidisciplinary teams, such as law enforcement, forensic scientists, or environmental agencies, illustrating teamwork and communication strengths. If you have courtroom experience, include anonymized examples of testimony or legal reports to demonstrate your ability to serve as an expert witness.

Including a section dedicated to community outreach activities or fire prevention education projects can reflect your broader impact beyond investigation alone. Tailor your portfolio for specific roles by emphasizing relevant experience whether in residential, industrial, or wildfire investigations.

Digital portfolios are the standard; an organized, well-designed website combining narrative case studies with multimedia evidence and a clear listing of credentials will resonate well with hiring managers and clients alike. Regularly update your portfolio to integrate new technologies and certifications. Networking through professional associations and seeking mentorship adds credibility. Authenticity and attention to detail in your portfolio parallel the qualities essential in firefighting investigation itself.

Job Outlook & Related Roles

Growth Rate: 7%
Status: Growing as fast as average
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Related Roles

Frequently Asked Questions

What certifications are essential for becoming a Fire Investigator?

Recognized certifications like the Certified Fire and Explosion Investigator (CFEI) from the National Association of Fire Investigators (NAFI) and the Certified Fire Investigator (CFI) from the International Association of Arson Investigators (IAAI) are highly regarded in the profession. These certifications generally require documented investigative experience, successful completion of examinations, and adherence to continuing education requirements. They validate technical expertise and legal proficiency, enhancing job prospects and credibility.

How long does it take to become a Fire Investigator?

Typically, it takes around 4 years to complete a bachelor’s degree related to fire science, forensic science, or criminal justice. Following that, candidates usually spend 1 to 3 years gaining hands-on experience in fields such as firefighting, inspections, or law enforcement before pursuing certification. On-the-job training and continuing education continue throughout one’s career, given the field's evolving nature.

Can Fire Investigators work remotely?

Due to the hands-on nature of examining fire scenes and collecting physical evidence onsite, fire investigation is not inherently remote-friendly. Investigators must physically access locations of incidents to accurately assess damage, collect samples, and document conditions. However, some aspects such as report writing, data analysis, case management, and expert witness preparations can be handled remotely.

What are common tools used in fire investigations?

Common tools include fire scene investigation kits with devices like flashlights and measuring tapes, thermal imaging cameras to detect heat sources, portable gas chromatographs for accelerant detection, drones for aerial photography, 3D scanning technology for mapping, and lab equipment to analyze chemical residues. Digital cameras and CAD software are also essential for documentation and reconstruction.

How do Fire Investigators determine the cause of a fire?

Investigators analyze multiple factors such as burn patterns, fire spread, ignition sources, electrical and mechanical system conditions, chemical residues, and witness statements. Scientific testing identifies accelerants or explosives if present. Combining physical evidence with fire dynamics principles helps pinpoint the point of origin and determine whether the fire was accidental, natural, or deliberate.

What challenges do Fire Investigators face in court?

Courtroom challenges include presenting complex scientific findings in an understandable manner, maintaining objectivity under scrutiny, defending methods against cross-examination, and handling the emotional weight of cases involving fatalities. Preparation, clear communication, and strong credentials help investigators withstand adversarial questioning while maintaining credibility.

Is prior firefighting experience necessary to become a Fire Investigator?

While not always mandatory, having firefighting experience is highly beneficial. It provides practical knowledge of fire behavior, safety protocols, and fireground operations that enrich investigation skills. Some investigators start their careers as firefighters or fire inspectors and transition into investigation roles after additional specialized training.

What is the difference between a Fire Investigator and a Fire Marshal?

A Fire Investigator focuses primarily on determining the origin and cause of fires after they occur, often conducting forensic analysis and legal documentation. A Fire Marshal’s role is broader, frequently including fire code enforcement, conducting safety inspections, public education, and sometimes law enforcement authority related to fire prevention. The roles can overlap depending on jurisdiction.

How is technology changing the fire investigation field?

Technology is revolutionizing investigations through tools like drones for aerial scene capture, 3D laser scanning for precise reconstructions, thermal imaging for heat source detection, and sophisticated chemical analysis techniques for accelerant identification. Digital case management and virtual reality training are also enhancing efficiency and skills development.

What are the major career advancement opportunities for Fire Investigators?

Career progression includes moving from junior to senior investigator roles, assuming leadership positions such as Fire Investigation Supervisor or Manager, and specializing in areas like explosives analysis or wildfire investigation. Opportunities also exist in private consulting, insurance investigation, forensic education, and public policy advisory.