Lexicographer Career Path Guide

A lexicographer is a language professional who researches, compiles, writes, and edits dictionaries and other reference works that define words, phrases, and linguistic usage. This role combines linguistic analysis, data collection, and editorial precision to capture the dynamic evolution of language in an accessible and authoritative form for different audiences.

growth rate

$67,500

median salary

remote-friendly

📈 Market Demand

Low

High

Demand for lexicographers holds steady with moderate growth driven by the increasing reliance on digital dictionaries, AI, and multilingual resources. Opportunities thrive in specialized and technological niches rather than mass-market print dictionaries.

🇺🇸 Annual Salary (US, USD)

45,000—90,000

Median: $67,500

Entry-Level: $51,750
Mid-Level: $67,500
Senior-Level: $83,250

Top 10% of earners in this field can expect salaries starting from $90,000+ per year, especially with specialized skills in high-demand areas.

Core Functions of the Lexicographer Role

Lexicographers play an essential role in documenting and shaping language by systematically researching words, their meanings, origins, pronunciations, usage, and relationships to other terms. Their work often blends linguistic theory with meticulous editorial practices to ensure that dictionary entries are accurate, comprehensive, and relevant for users ranging from scholars and students to the general public.

The process begins with extensive data gathering, including surveying corpora, literature, media, and spoken language patterns worldwide. Through this research, lexicographers identify new words, track semantic shifts, and validate meanings with real-world evidence. They consult historical sources, apply phonetic notation, and analyze grammatical roles within sentences to construct clear, concise dictionary entries. Diverse lexicographical environments could range from traditional print dictionaries to large-scale digital platforms incorporating multimedia and real-time updates.

Lexicographers collaborate closely with editors, linguists, software engineers, and sometimes cultural experts to ensure the dictionaries reflect current linguistic standards and cultural nuances. Because language continually evolves, their jobs require a lifelong commitment to observing changes and responding with innovative methods for documenting usage. This role also demands effective communication skills to clarify complex linguistic data for diverse audiences and balance scholarly rigor with user-friendly presentation.

Throughout history, lexicographers have contributed significantly to educational reform, language standardization, and the preservation of endangered languages. Their work informs language policy makers, educators, writers, translators, and learners across the globe. While the core principles remain timeless, modern lexicography increasingly integrates technology, such as AI and corpus linguistics tools, transforming how dictionaries are compiled, accessed, and updated.

Key Responsibilities
Conduct detailed research on word usage, meanings, origins, and evolution through various corpora and textual sources.
Collect and analyze real-world examples to support or revise dictionary definitions.
Write clear, concise, and accurate dictionary entries that reflect current language norms and usage.
Review and edit lexicographical content for consistency, accuracy, and completeness.
Collaborate with linguists, editors, and programmers to produce print and digital dictionaries.
Maintain and update lexical databases, ensuring responsiveness to new lexical developments and changes in language use.
Apply linguistic theories and phonetic transcription to denote pronunciation in entries.
Investigate etymology, morphological structure, and semantic variations of words.
Develop guidelines for inclusion criteria and style conventions within the lexicographical team.
Contribute to designing user interfaces and search features for digital dictionary platforms.
Stay informed on linguistic research, sociolinguistic trends, and technological innovations affecting language documentation.
Verify factual and cultural context references related to specific words or phrases.
Assist in outreach, workshops, or publications to promote language awareness and literacy.
Adapt lexicographical methodology in response to advances in computational linguistics and natural language processing.
Manage deadlines and prioritize dictionary projects within editorial schedules.

Work Setting

Lexicographers typically work in offices, academic institutions, research centers, or publishing companies. With the rise of digital lexicography, many operate remotely or in hybrid environments, leveraging specialized software and online corpora. Their working conditions are generally quiet and reflective, requiring deep concentration during research and writing tasks. Deadlines can be periodic and project-based, especially when contributing to new editions of dictionaries or large database updates. Collaboration with editorial teams and IT specialists is common, sometimes requiring meetings or virtual conferences. Jobs can be full-time, contract-based, or freelance, depending on the employer and project scope. While some lexicographers engage in fieldwork for dialect studies or minority languages, most work within structured frameworks using corpora and digital tools. The profession demands extensive reading, attention to detail, and the ability to handle complex linguistic data with precision.

Tech Stack

Corpus Linguistics Software (e.g., Sketch Engine, WordSmith Tools)
Phonetic Transcription Tools (e.g., IPA Chart apps)
Text Analysis Scripts and Programming Languages (e.g., Python, R)
Database Management Systems (e.g., SQL)
Lexical Database Platforms (e.g., LexiquePro, FLEx)
Digital Dictionary Publishing Software
Natural Language Processing APIs and Frameworks
Version Control Systems (e.g., GitHub)
Project Management Tools (e.g., Trello, Asana)
Collaboration Platforms (e.g., Slack, Microsoft Teams)
Reference Management Software (e.g., EndNote, Zotero)
Statistical Analysis Software (e.g., SPSS)
Text Corpora Access (e.g., COCA, BNC)
Etymology Research Databases
Digital Libraries and Archives
Spreadsheet Software (e.g., Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets)
Web Scraping Tools
Machine Learning Tools for Lexical Analysis
Multimedia Editing Software (for digital dictionaries with audio/visual content)

Skills and Qualifications

Education Level

Most lexicographers hold at least a bachelor's degree in linguistics, English, lexicography, language studies, or a related humanities discipline. A strong foundation in linguistics is critical, encompassing phonetics, semantics, syntax, morphology, and sociolinguistics. Advanced degrees, such as a master's or PhD, can significantly enhance opportunities, especially for specialized or academic positions that require deep theoretical knowledge and research skills.

Courses in corpus linguistics, computational linguistics, and digital humanities have become increasingly important as lexicography incorporates more technology. Learning programming languages like Python or R for text analysis is advantageous. Strong research methodology training, including familiarity with qualitative and quantitative data analysis, supports the accuracy and depth of dictionary entries. Experience with historical linguistics and etymology enhances one's ability to trace word origins and usage over time.

Certification courses or specialized workshops in lexicographical techniques, database management, or natural language processing, while not mandatory, can provide valuable practical skills. Employers generally seek candidates with excellent writing, editorial abilities, and analytical skills, alongside a passion for language and precise attention to detail.

Tech Skills

Corpus analysis and management
Phonetic transcription using IPA
Computational linguistics basics
Python or R programming for text processing
Database querying with SQL
Lexical database design and curation
Digital dictionary editing and publishing
Natural language processing (NLP)
Data visualization tools
Statistical analysis of language data
Etymological research methods
Web scraping for linguistic data collection
Content management systems (CMS)
Project management software
Version control (Git)

Soft Abilities

Meticulous attention to detail
Critical thinking and analytical skills
Clear and concise writing
Effective communication
Time management and organization
Collaborative teamwork
Curiosity and continuous learning
Patience and perseverance
Cultural sensitivity and awareness
Problem-solving capabilities

Path to Lexicographer

Embarking on a career as a lexicographer begins with cultivating a strong foundation in language and linguistics. High school students interested in this path should focus on excelling in English, foreign languages, and humanities coursework to build their analytical and reading skills. Participation in language clubs, writing workshops, or research projects can provide early exposure to lexicographic concepts.

The next essential step is pursuing a bachelor's degree with a focus on linguistics, English, or lexicography if available. During undergraduate studies, aim to take courses covering phonetics, semantics, syntax, lexicology, and corpus linguistics. Engage in research projects or internships with publishing houses, linguistic labs, or dictionary publishers to gain hands-on experience and practical insight into the field.

Graduate education can enhance your lexical expertise, especially for roles that emphasize research, theory, or specialized dictionaries. Obtaining a master’s or Ph.D. in linguistics or computational linguistics allows deeper exploration of semantic theory, natural language processing, and lexical database management. Advanced programs often provide opportunities to develop technical skills in programming and data analysis critical for modern lexicography.

Cultivating competencies in software tools relevant to lexicography—such as corpus analysis platforms, NLP tools, and database management systems—is crucial. Supplement your academic qualifications with workshops, coding bootcamps tailored to linguists, or certificate programs on digital humanities and lexicography.

Networking with professional associations like the Dictionary Society of North America or attending linguistic conferences can expose you to industry trends and job openings. Entry-level roles may include research assistants, editorial interns, or data annotators for dictionary projects. As you gain experience, developing your own portfolio of lexical research or published dictionary entries will strengthen your candidacy.

Continual self-education to stay abreast of evolving language trends and technological innovations ensures career growth. Flexibility for multi-disciplinary collaboration and embracing emerging methodologies in AI-assisted lexicography will further enhance your value in this dynamic profession.

Required Education

The foundation of a lexicographer’s education lies in a robust undergraduate program centered on linguistics or language studies. Degrees in English, anthropology, or classics can also provide useful backgrounds depending on the lexicographical domain of interest. Core coursework typically includes phonetics, semantics, morphology, syntax, sociolinguistics, and historical linguistics. These subjects equip students with essential theories and analytical tools to understand language structure and evolution deeply.

Training in quantitative and qualitative research methods prepares future lexicographers to handle large linguistic corpora and derive data-driven insights. Many universities now offer specialized minors or modules in computational linguistics or digital humanities, which involve programming skills and data management, skills highly prized in modern lexicography. Building proficiency in one or more programming languages such as Python or R enables lexicographers to automate data analysis and contribute to natural language processing initiatives.

Graduate programs offer advanced training in semantic theory, corpus linguistics, advanced phonetics, and text mining. They allow specialization in areas like dialectology, sociolects, or bilingual lexicography. Some institutions provide dual pathways integrating linguistic scholarship with digital tool development.

Hands-on experience through internships with dictionary publishers, linguistic research centers, or tech companies specializing in AI language models is invaluable. Many lexicographers also participate in workshops or professional development courses focusing on editorial standards, phonetic transcription, or new digital publishing technologies.

Certifications in project management or software development, though not always mandatory, further bolster credentials, especially in organizations where lexicographers collaborate extensively with IT teams. Participation in linguistic fieldwork or community-driven documentation projects can offer practical exposure to lesser-known languages or dialects, broadening scope and expertise.

Continued education remains vital. Lexicographers must frequently update their understanding of language trends, emerging lexemes, and technological advancements to ensure dictionaries remain authoritative. Online courses, seminars, and professional conferences contribute to lifelong learning and career refinement in this specialized arena.

Career Path Tiers

Junior Lexicographer

Experience: 0-2 years

At the entry level, a Junior Lexicographer supports senior staff by conducting fundamental research, collecting lexical data from corpora, and assisting in drafting dictionary entries under supervision. Responsibilities include fact-checking, verifying usage examples, and compiling etymological notes. This stage focuses on building a solid understanding of lexicographical principles, editorial styles, and digital tools used in dictionary compilation. Juniors often undergo training in phonetic transcription, database management, and computational linguistics basics. They are expected to develop meticulous attention to detail and acquire skills in linguistic software while receiving mentorship to refine their analytical and writing capabilities. Collaboration with team editors and attending workshops prepares them for increasing autonomy.

Mid-Level Lexicographer

Experience: 3-7 years

Mid-level Lexicographers independently handle dictionary entries, including researching, drafting, and editing content for print and digital publication. This tier involves evaluating new word candidates, analyzing complex semantic fields, and updating existing lexicon to mirror contemporary usage. Professionals also contribute to methodological development, coordinate with IT units for database improvements, and participate in peer review processes. At this stage, lexicographers refine their technical skills in corpus analysis, natural language processing tools, and project management. They often mentor juniors and represent their organization at linguistic conferences or in academic collaborations, embodying both linguistic expertise and editorial reliability.

Senior Lexicographer

Experience: 8+ years

Senior Lexicographers lead dictionary projects, shape editorial policy, and supervise entire lexicographical teams. They ensure the scientific rigor and cultural appropriateness of lexical content while innovating with new digital publishing platforms and interactive user experiences. Responsibilities include strategic planning for dictionary editions, integrating AI and machine learning in lexicographical workflows, and liaising with external linguistic institutions. Seniors often direct research on emerging linguistic phenomena and decide editorial criteria for word inclusion. Their role demands excellence in leadership, cross-disciplinary collaboration, and advanced technical mastery, guiding the future evolution of lexicography within both academic and commercial environments.

Global Outlook

Lexicography is a globally relevant profession given the universal need for language documentation and standardization, but opportunities vary widely across regions. English-speaking countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia have well-established publishing houses and academic institutions that employ lexicographers to maintain and expand comprehensive national and online dictionaries. The demand also exists in multilingual regions of Europe where languages such as French, German, Spanish, and Italian have vibrant lexicographical traditions supported by universities and governmental language bodies.

Emerging economies with large or evolving linguistic communities, such as India, South Africa, and certain Latin American countries, show growing interest in lexicography, especially related to indigenous, minority, or digital language preservation efforts. Global collaboration between lexicographers is increasingly common due to digital platforms and corpora accessibility, helping preserve endangered languages or develop specialized dictionaries for technical fields or dialects.

Technology hubs in North America, Europe, and East Asia (notably Japan, South Korea, and China) also offer roles in computational and digital lexicography, focusing on natural language processing, machine learning, and AI-driven dictionary creation. Remote work and freelance consulting on multilingual projects are expanding, providing lexicographers worldwide the flexibility to contribute regardless of physical location. Fluency in multiple languages and cross-cultural sensitivity significantly enhance prospects for international projects in translation lexicography or comparative language studies.

Job Market Today

Role Challenges

Lexicographers today face the challenge of balancing traditional linguistic accuracy with the rapid pace of language change influenced by digital communication, social media, and globalization. One persistent obstacle is managing the sheer volume of new words, slang, and jargon that emerge continuously, necessitating constant updating of lexical databases. Budget constraints and shrinking print dictionary markets also pressure lexicographers to innovate cost-effectively within digital platforms. Additionally, the need to integrate AI and machine learning tools requires an evolving skill set that blends linguistic knowledge with strong technical competencies. Ensuring cultural inclusivity and avoiding bias while standardizing entries presents ongoing ethical considerations. Competition for specialized roles is fierce, and many lexicographers must diversify their skills to include editorial, research, and computational roles.

Growth Paths

Opportunities within lexicography are expanding primarily in digital and computational domains where AI-powered natural language processing tools support dictionary creation and language resource development. Digital publishing allows more dynamic, interactive, and multimedia-rich dictionaries, opening avenues for lexicographers to collaborate with technologists and enhance user experience. Increasing interest in documenting endangered and minority languages also generates growth in specialist lexicographical projects funded by governments and global organizations. The rise of language learning apps, automated translation services, and content moderation in multiple languages demands lexicographical expertise to ensure linguistic precision and nuance are maintained. As language continues to evolve rapidly, lexicographers who combine linguistic insight with technological fluency are well-positioned for innovation-driven career advancement.

Industry Trends

Current trends in lexicography include the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning to automate components of word collection, meaning disambiguation, and usage analysis. Crowdsourced linguistic data and citizen linguistics efforts play a complementary role in accelerating dictionary updates. Multimodal lexicography, incorporating audio pronunciations, visual examples, and interactive elements, is becoming standard for digital dictionaries. There is a marked shift toward inclusive lexicography emphasizing diverse dialects, sociolects, gender-neutral language, and sensitivity to cultural connotations. Open-access linguistic databases and APIs enhance collaboration across research institutions and commercial enterprises. Additionally, interdisciplinary collaboration with computational linguistics and language education remains pivotal, with growing attention to multilingual and cross-cultural lexicographical resources.

A Day in the Life

Morning (9:00 AM - 12:00 PM)

Focus: Data Research & Collection

Reviewing new corpora data to identify emerging words or usages.
Extracting real-world examples and quotes illustrating word meanings.
Consulting etymological sources and historical texts for word origins.
Collaborating via digital platforms on corpus analysis with peers.

Afternoon (12:00 PM - 3:00 PM)

Focus: Entry Writing & Editing

Drafting or revising dictionary entries with clear definitions and phonetics.
Checking for consistency in style and terminology across the editorial team.
Encoding metadata related to grammar, usage domain, and pronunciation.
Testing entries on digital dictionary prototypes or beta platforms.

Late Afternoon (3:00 PM - 6:00 PM)

Focus: Collaboration & Professional Development

Meeting with editors, linguists, and IT teams to discuss updates.
Participating in workshops on emerging lexicographical tools and methods.
Reviewing user feedback or scholarly critiques for dictionary improvements.
Planning future projects or research initiatives in lexicography.

Work-Life Balance & Stress

Stress Level: Moderate

Balance Rating: Good

The lexicographer profession generally offers a balanced work-life environment with moderate stress levels. Research and writing tasks require deep focus and occasional long hours during peak editorial phases or dictionary publication deadlines. However, work is typically project-based with predictable cycles allowing for planning and autonomy. Remote and hybrid work options have increased, supporting personal flexibility. The intellectual nature of the work can be rewarding but sometimes demanding when managing complex linguistic data or tight schedules. Effective time management and a supportive team culture contribute positively to maintaining a sustainable balance.

Skill Map

This map outlines the core competencies and areas for growth in this profession, showing how foundational skills lead to specialized expertise.

Foundational Skills

The absolute essentials every lexicographer must master.

Linguistic theory (semantics, phonetics, morphology)
Phonetic transcription (IPA)
Corpus research and analysis
Lexical data collection and validation
Clear, precise dictionary entry writing

Technical and Computational Skills

Tools and technologies for modern lexicography.

Corpus linguistics software (Sketch Engine, WordSmith)
Programming for linguistic data processing (Python, R)
Database management (SQL)
Natural language processing (NLP) basics
Digital dictionary publishing platforms
Machine learning applications for language data

Professional & Soft Skills

The interpersonal and editorial skills needed to thrive.

Critical thinking and analytical reasoning
Meticulous attention to detail
Effective communication and collaboration
Time management and organizational skills
Cultural awareness and sensitivity
Project management competence

Pros & Cons for Lexicographer

✅ Pros

Engaging deeply with language and helping shape its documentation and accessibility.
Combining creative writing with analytical and research skills.
Opportunities to contribute to education, cultural preservation, and technology.
Work often involves a flexible schedule and remote work possibilities.
Collaboration with interdisciplinary teams including linguists, technologists, and educators.
Chance to specialize in diverse areas such as computational linguistics or minority languages.

❌ Cons

Growth in traditional print lexicography is limited, creating fewer entry-level roles.
Work can become monotonous when dealing with repetitive editorial tasks.
Requires continuous learning to keep up with evolving language and technology.
Balancing precision and user-friendliness in dictionary entries can be challenging.
Technical demands are increasing, requiring lexicographers to learn new software and coding.
Deadlines around publication can cause periods of high pressure and overtime.

Common Mistakes of Beginners

Relying too heavily on outdated sources instead of current corpora and real usage data.
Writing definitions that are overly complex or too vague, confusing users.
Neglecting phonetic transcription details, resulting in inaccurate pronunciation guides.
Ignoring regional variations and dialectal differences in lexical entries.
Failing to cross-check facts, etymology, or usage examples thoroughly.
Underestimating the importance of consistent style and formatting.
Avoiding collaboration and feedback, which limits growth and quality improvement.
Overlooking digital tools and technological advancements in lexicography.

Contextual Advice

Immerse yourself in corpus linguistics early to understand real-world language use.
Develop strong editorial habits and learn style guides relevant to lexicography.
Enhance technical skills such as programming or database management.
Stay curious about new words, slang, and cultural shifts affecting language.
Seek internships or volunteer on lexicographical projects to build experience.
Engage with linguistic communities and professional associations for networking.
Be meticulous but also considerate of the dictionary user’s perspective.
Embrace emerging AI technologies to augment research and entry creation.

Examples and Case Studies

Oxford English Dictionary Digital Transition

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) shifted from a print-based multi-volume encyclopedia to a dynamic online platform, revolutionizing lexicography by incorporating real-time updates, multimedia content, and advanced search features. This transition required lexicographers to collaborate closely with IT teams, adopt new research methodologies leveraging AI for word frequency analysis, and develop flexible editorial protocols to balance scholarly depth with user accessibility.

Key Takeaway: Lexicographical work today increasingly intersects with technology, demanding adaptability and interdisciplinary collaboration to meet modern user expectations.

Corpus-Based Study of Urban Slang in the U.S.

A lexicographical team analyzed a large corpus of social media and spoken language data to document urban slang that had evolved rapidly over five years. Their research involved validating slang terms' meanings, usage contexts, and social connotations to include them in a contemporary dictionary aimed at young adults. The project highlighted issues of sensitivity, regional differences, and rapidly changing vocabulary.

Key Takeaway: Capturing ephemeral or culturally sensitive language lexically requires careful vetting and ongoing corpus monitoring.

Endangered Language Dictionary Project in Papua New Guinea

Working alongside local communities, lexicographers helped document several endangered languages by compiling dictionaries that included audio pronunciations and cultural notes. Fieldwork combined traditional linguistic methods with modern digital databases, ensuring the languages’ preservation and accessibility for future generations.

Key Takeaway: Lexicographers can impact language preservation efforts profoundly when integrating community participation with digital tools.

Portfolio Tips

Building a strong portfolio is essential for aspiring lexicographers. Start by contributing to open-source lexicographical projects or volunteering with linguistic research groups to gather practical experience in dictionary entry preparation and editorial review. Include a variety of samples showcasing your ability to define words clearly and accurately, annotate pronunciation with phonetic transcription, and provide evidence-based usage examples from corpora. Highlight any collaborative projects involving corpus analysis, digital dictionary development, or computational linguistics to demonstrate technical proficiency.

Document your research process thoroughly, showing attention to detail in etymology, semantic nuance, and cultural context. If you have experience working with multilingual or specialized dictionaries (legal, medical, slang), include those projects as well. Incorporate evidence of your editorial aptitude, including revisions or style conformity, as lexicography demands consistent, user-friendly presentation.

Where possible, supplement textual work with digital formats or multimedia presentations to highlight your adaptability to emerging lexicographical technologies. Participation in publications, workshops, or professional associations can enhance your portfolio’s credibility. Tailor your portfolio to the job application by emphasizing relevant skills and projects, and keep it updated regularly as you gain experience and broaden your expertise.

Job Outlook & Related Roles

Growth Rate: 5%
Status: Steady growth with increasing digital opportunities
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Dictionary Society of North America

Related Roles

Frequently Asked Questions

What exactly does a lexicographer do on a daily basis?

A lexicographer spends their day researching words, analyzing usage in spoken and written language, drafting dictionary entries, and editing content for accuracy and clarity. They work with linguistic databases and corpus software to gather data, verify meanings, add phonetic transcription, and ensure entries meet editorial guidelines. Collaboration with colleagues and adjusting work according to publication schedules are also common daily activities.

Is a degree in linguistics necessary to become a lexicographer?

While it is not always absolutely mandatory, a degree in linguistics or a related language field is highly recommended and often preferred. Linguistics provides the theoretical foundation necessary for understanding word structure, meaning, and usage, which are crucial in lexicography. Some employers may consider candidates with degrees in English or related humanities disciplines if complemented by relevant linguistic training or experience.

What technical skills should I learn to be competitive in lexicography?

Competence in corpus linguistics software, databases, and content management systems is valuable. Additionally, learning programming languages such as Python or R for text processing, understanding SQL for data management, and familiarity with natural language processing tools can significantly enhance your skill set. Being adept at phonetic transcription using the IPA and digital publishing platforms is also beneficial.

Are lexicography jobs limited to dictionary publishing companies?

No, while dictionary publishers remain the largest employers, lexicographers also work in academia, language research centers, government agencies, technology companies developing language models and voice assistants, and nonprofits focused on language preservation. The rise of digital lexicography and AI has broadened the employment landscape significantly.

Can lexicographers work remotely?

Increasingly, yes. Many lexicographic tasks such as research, writing, and editing can be done remotely with access to digital corpora and collaboration tools. However, certain roles, particularly those involving fieldwork, group editorial meetings, or hardware-dependent projects, may require on-site presence.

How do lexicographers handle new words or slang?

Lexicographers rely on corpus data and real-world usage evidence to evaluate the legitimacy, frequency, and longevity of new words or slang. They document context, semantic range, and connotations carefully, often including disclaimers for slang or regional terms. Inclusion decisions balance linguistic validity with practical user interest.

What are some challenges specific to digital lexicography?

Digital lexicography demands rapid content updating, multimedia integration, and ensuring accessibility across devices. It requires lexicographers to familiarize themselves with software development lifecycles, user experience design, and interoperability with AI and NLP tools. Balancing scholarly accuracy with interactive formats and user-friendly interfaces is a unique challenge.

Is lexicography a good career path for those interested in AI and machine learning?

Absolutely. Lexicography increasingly intersects with AI, especially in natural language processing, machine translation, and automated dictionary generation. Professionals with combined skills in linguistics and data science are highly sought after to improve language models and digital linguistic resources.